The basic definition for a Servo is an automatic device that uses an error-correction routine to correct the motion of the Servo. The general term servo can be applied to systems other than a Servo that use a feedback mechanism such as an encoder or other feedback device to control the motion parameters. Typically when the term servo is used it applies to a 'servo motor' but this term is also used as a general control term with the meaning of a feedback loop to position whatever the item is including a Servo.

A Servo is different from other controlled motors in that it is controlled by a time-based derivative commonly referred to as the PID loop. A Servo that is used to control position must be capable of changing the velocity of the output shaft because the time-based derivative, or the rate of change of position, is velocity.

There are two main types of Servo products - Rotary and Linear.

Rotary Servo
A rotary Servo is what most people think of when they think of a Servo. The three types of Servo products are: AC Servo, Brush DC Servo, and Brushless DC Servo. The motion of a rotary Servo is often converted into linear motion by the use of a screw thread (ball screw or leadscrew), or with the use of belts and pulleys.

Rotary AC Servo is an AC type Servo that is used with a feedback device. These are typically only used in smaller application because a large AC Servo is typically too inefficient when compared to its DC or Brushless counterparts.

Linear Servo
A linear Servo is a flattened out Servo where the rotor is on the inside, and the coils are on the outside of a moveable u-channel. Both Servo types are becoming more popular as Servo prices continue to come down.

A Servo is considered one of the more expensive motors when compared to AC, Brushless, DC, Stepper, and other motor types. The reason for the expense of a Servo is the precision required to make a Servo and the expensive components that go along with a Servo. Generally speaking a Servo is intended to be a very precise positioning or speed control device. The motion should be smooth and very precise. To accomplish these features, the Servo is manufactured under very tight control parameters. Along with the cost of the Servo are the case, bearings, connectors, and feedback devices. The case is usually industrial grade, often sealed to achieve an IP65 rating or better. The bearings are high quality to make sure that the Servo can run the speeds desired and can handle the appropriate axial and radial loads. The connectors are typically mil-style connectors that can be detached at the Servo, but are very reliable and industrial grade. The Feedback devices are typically differential encoders and or resolvers. The devices are very expensive and add cost to the Servo.

There are two options for Servo feedback controls, either a servo encoder or a servo resolver. The servo encoder and servo resolver provide the same solution in many applications, but are vastly different. They are both used to sense speed, direction, and position of the Servo output shaft.

The resolver on the Servo uses a second set of rotor and stator coils called the transformer to induce rotor voltages across an air gap. The resolver does not use any electronic components, therefore it's very robust with a high temperature range, and is inherently shock resistance due to its design. A resolver is mostly used in harsh environments.

The optical encoder on the Servo uses a rotating shutter to interrupt a beam of light across an air gap between a light source and a photodetector, over time the wear associated with the rotating shutter reduces the longevity and reliability of the encoder. The application will determine whether a resolver or an encoder is needed. Encoders are more accurate and are easier to implement so they should be the first choice for any application. The only reason to choose a resolver is if environmental and longevity requires it.

Anaheim Automation provides many different accessories for our Servo products. These accessories include a brake, encoder, connector, cable and a handheld interface unit.

The Servo brake is a 24vdc system. These Servo brakes are perfect for any holding applications. They are available on any Anaheim Automation Servo product, and are already attached to the rear of the Servo. The Servo brakes have a low voltage design for applications that are susceptible to weak batter, brown out, or long wiring runs. When electric power is applied to the Servo brake the armature is pulled by the electromagnet force in the magnet body assembly, which overcomes the spring action. This allows the friction disc to rotate freely. When electrical power is interrupted, the electromagnetic force is removed and the pressure spring mechanically forces the armature plate to clamp the friction disc between itself and the pressure plate.

Anaheim Automation's Servo is designed with a 2500 counts per revolution quadrature encoder, with a resolution of 10,000 pulses per revolution.

Anaheim Automation's Servo comes with all the necessary connectors to connect to another company's servo driver or an Anaheim Automation servo driver. These Servo connectors can also be purchased separately if they are lost. Please refer to the user's guide for a specific part number.

Servo cables can be made with the supplied Servo connector, or can be purchased from Anaheim Automation. The Servo cable comes with a standard length of 5M but can be adjusted to any length required.

The steam engine governor is considered the first powered feedback system that used a gain value so it is considered the first servo mechanism. The word Servo Motor comes from the French phrase "Le Servomoteur" or the "slave motor". The first known record of its use was by JJL Farcot in 1868 to describe steam engines and hydraulics for use in steering a ship.

Anaheim Automation provides many different accessories for our servo motor. These accessories include a brake, encoder, connector, cable and a handheld interface unit.

The servo motor brake is a 24vdc system. These servo motor brakes are perfect for any holding applications. They are available on any Anaheim Automation servo motor, and are already attached to the rear of the servo motor. The servo motor brakes have a low voltage design for applications that are susceptible to weak batter, brown out, or long wiring runs. When electric power is applied to the servo motor brake the armature is pulled by the electromagnet force in the magnet body assembly, which overcomes the spring action. This allows the friction disc to rotate freely. When electrical power is interrupted, the electromagnetic force is removed and the pressure spring mechanically forces the armature plate to clamp the friction disc between itself and the pressure plate.

Anaheim Automation's servo motor is designed with a 2500 counts per revolution quadrature encoder, with a resolution of 10,000 pulses per revolution.

Anaheim Automation's servo motor comes with all the necessary connectors to connect to another company's servo driver or an Anaheim Automation servo driver. These servo motor connectors can also be purchased separately if they are lost. Please refer to the user's guide for a specific part number.

Servo motor cables can be made with the supplied servo motor connector, or can be purchased from Anaheim Automation. The servo motor cable comes with a standard length of 5M but can be adjusted to any length required.

Anaheim Automation was established in 1966 as a manufacturer of "turnkey" motion control systems. Its' emphasis on R&D has insured the continued introduction of advanced motor driver/controller, such as the servo product line. Today, Anaheim Automation ranks among the leading manufacturers and distributor of motion control products, a position enhanced by its excellent reputation for quality products at competitive prices. The servo product line is no exception to the Company's goal.

Anaheim Automation offers a wide variety of standard and servo products. Occasionally, OEM customers with mid to large quantity requirements prefer to have a servo that is custom or modified to meet their exact design requirements. Sometimes the customization is as simple as shaft modification, brake, oil seal for an IP65 rating, mounting dimensions, wire colors, or label. Other times, a customer might require that a servo meet an ideal specification such as, speed, torque, and/or voltage.

Engineers appreciate that Anaheim Automation's servo product line can answer their desire for creativity, flexibility and system efficiency. Buyers appreciate the simplicity of the "one-stop shop," and the cost savings of a custom servo design, while engineers are pleased with Anaheim Automation's dedicated involvement in their specific servo motor system.

Anaheim Automation's standard servo product line is a cost-effective solution, in that they are known for their rugged construction and excellent performance. A considerable size of its sales growth has resulted from dedicated engineering, friendly customer service and professional application assistance, often surpassing the customer's expectations for fulfilling their custom requirements. While a good portion of Anaheim Automation's servo sales involves special, custom, or private-labeling requirements, the company takes pride in its standard stock base located in Anaheim, California, USA. To make customization of a servo affordable, a minimum quantity and/or a Non-Recurring Engineering (NRE) fee is required. Contact the factory for details, should you require a custom servo in your design. All Sales for a customized or modified servo are Non-Cancelable-Non-Returnable, and a NCNR Agreement must be signed by the customer, per each request. All Sales, including a customized Servo, are made pursuant to Anaheim Automation's standard Terms and Conditions, and are in lieu of any other expressed or implied terms, including but not limited to any implied warranties.

Anaheim Automation's customers for the servo product line is diverse: companies operating or designing automated machinery or processes that involve food, cosmetics or medical packaging, labeling or tamper-evident requirements, cut-to-length applications, assembly, conveyor, material handling, robotics, special filming and projection effects, medical diagnostics, inspection and security devices, pump flow control, metal fabrication (CNC machinery), and equipment upgrades. Many OEM customers request that we "private-label" the servo, so that their customers stay loyal to them for servicing, replacements and repairs.

PLEASE NOTE: Technical assistance regarding its servo product line, as well as all the products manufactured or distributed by Anaheim Automation, is available at no charge. This assistance is offered to help the customer in choosing Anaheim Automation products for a specific application. However, any selection, quotation, or application suggestion for a servo, or any other product, offered from Anaheim Automation's staff, its' representatives or distributors, are only to assist the customer. In all cases, determination of fitness of the custom servo in a specific system design, is solely the customers' responsibility. While every effort is made to offer solid advice regarding the Servo product line, as well as other motion control products, and to produce technical data and illustrations accurately, such advice and documents are for reference only, and subject to change without notice.

The following information is intended as a general guideline for the installation and mounting of the Servo. WARNING - Dangerous voltages capable of causing injury or death may be present in the Servo system. Use extreme caution when handling, testing, and adjusting during installation, set-up, tuning, and operation. It is very important that the wiring of the Servo be taken into consideration upon installation and mounting.

Subpanels installed inside the enclosure for mounting Servo system components, must be a flat, rigid surface that will be free from shock, vibration, moisture, oil, vapors, or dust. Remember that the Servo and amplifier will produce heat during work, therefore, heat dissipation should be considered in designing the system layout. Size the enclosure so as not to exceed the maximum ambient temperature rating. It is recommended that the servo amplifier be mounted in an upright position, providing adequate airflow. The Servo should be mounted in a stable fashion, secured tightly. NOTE: There should be a minimum of 10mm between the servo amplifier and any other devices mounted in the system/electric panel or cabinet. There should be at least 10mm space in the lateral direction and 50mm space in the longitudinal direction, between the servo motor amplifier and other electronic/electrical devices. For multi-axis systems, mount in the panel left to right according to power utilization (highest to lowest). If power utilization is unknown, mount from left to right based on Amp rating.

NOTE: in order to comply with UL and CE requirements, the servo motor amplifier must be grounded in a grounded conducive enclosure offering protection as defined in standard EN 60529 (IEC 529) to IP55 such that they are not accessible to the operator or unskilled person. As with any moving part in a system, the Servo should be kept out of the reach of the operator. A NEMA 4X enclosure exceeds those requirements providing protection to IP66. To improve the bond between the power rail and the subpanel, construct your subpanel out of a zinc-plated (paint-free) steel. Additionally, it is strongly recommended that the servo motor amplifier be protected against electrical noise interferences. Noise from signal wires can cause mechanical vibration and malfunctions.

The following environmental and safety considerations must be observed during all phases of operation, service and repair of a Servo system. Failure to comply with these precautions violates safety standards of design, manufacture and intended use of the Servo and amplifier. Please note that even a well-built servo motor products operated and installed improperly, can be hazardous. Precaution must be observed by the user with respect to the load and operating environment. The customer is ultimately responsible for the proper selection, installation, and operation of the Servo system.

The atmosphere in which a Servo is used must be conducive to good general practices of electrical/electronic equipment. Do not operate the Servo in the presence of flammable gases, dust, oil, vapor or moisture. For outdoor use, the Servo and amplifier must be protected from the elements by an adequate cover, while still providing adequate air flow and cooling. Moisture may cause an electrical shock hazard and/or induce system breakdown. Due consideration should be given to the avoidance of liquids and vapors of any kind. Contact the factory should your application require specific IP ratings. It is wise to install the Servo and amplifier in an environment which is free from condensation, electrical noise, vibration and shock.

Additionally, it is preferable to work with the Servo/amplifier system in a non-static protective environment. Exposed circuitry should always be properly guarded and/or enclosed to prevent unauthorized human contact with live circuitry. No work should be performed while power is applied. Don 't plug in or unplug the connectors when power is ON. Wait for at least 5 minutes before doing inspection work on the Servo system after turning power OFF, because even after the power is turned off, there will still be some electrical energy remaining in the capacitors of the internal circuit of the servo motor amplifier.

Plan the installation of the Servo and amplifier in a system design that is free from debris, such as metal debris from cutting, drilling, tapping, and welding, or any other foreign material that could come in contact with circuitry. Failure to prevent debris from entering the Servo system can result in damage and/or shock.

NOTE: Meeting CE Requirements requires a ground system, and the method of grounding the ac line filter and the servo motor amplifier must match. Failure to do this renders the filter ineffective and may damage.

The following information is intended as a general guideline for wiring of the Anaheim Automation Servo product line. Be aware that when you route power and signal wiring on a machine or system, radiated noise from the nearby relays, transformers, and other electronic devices can be induced into motor and encoder signals, input/output communications, and other sensitive low voltage signals. This can cause systems faults and communication errors. WARNING - Dangerous voltages capable of causing injury or death, may be present in the servo motor amplifier. Use extreme caution when handling, wiring, testing, and adjusting during installation, set-up, tuning, and operation. Don 't make extreme adjustments or changes to the servo motor amplifier parameters, which can cause mechanical vibration and result in failure and/or loss. Once the Servo is wired, do not run the servo amplifier by switching On/Off the power supply directly. Frequent power On/Off switching will cause fast aging of the internal components in the servo amplifier, which will reduce the lifetime of servo motor system. It's required to use reference signals to control the running of the servo motor amplifier.

Strictly comply with the following rules:
- Route high-voltage power cables separately from low-voltage power cables.
- Segregate input power wiring and Servo power cables from control wiring and motor feedback cables as they leave the servo amplifier. Maintain this separation throughout the wire run.
- Use shielded cable for power wiring and provide a grounded 360 degree clamp termination to the enclosure wall. Allow room on the sub-panel for wire bends.
- Make all cable routes as short as possible.
- Single point grounding is required when mounting the Servo and servo amplifier, and grounding resistance should be lower than 100Ω.
- It's prohibited to apply power input noise filter between servo amplifier and Servo.
Factory made cables are recommended for use in our Servo and amplifier systems. These cables are purchased separately, and are designed to minimize EMI. These cables are recommended over customer-built cables to optimize system performance and to provide additional safety for the servo motor system and the user.

NOTE: Meeting CE Requirements for a Servo and amplifier system requires a ground system, and the method of grounding the ac line filter and the servo amplifier must match. Failure to do this renders the filter ineffective and may cause damage to the filter. For grounding and filter suggestions, please contact the factory.

WARNING - To avoid the possibility of electrical shock, perform all mounting and wiring of the servo motor and amplifier system prior to applying power. Once power is applied, connection terminals may have voltage present, even when the servo motor and amplifier are not in use.

Anaheim Automation's cost-effective Servo product line is the wise choice for both OEM and user accounts. Anaheim Automation's customers for the Servo product line is diverse: industrial companies operating or designing automated machinery or processes that involve food, cosmetics or medical packaging, labeling or tamper-evident requirements, cut-to-length applications, assembly, conveyor, material handling, robotics, special filming and projection effects, medical diagnostics, inspection and security devices, pump flow control, metal fabrication (CNC machinery), and equipment upgrades. A Servo is found in motion systems that require High torque, position, velocity and/or torque control.

Anaheim Automation also offers a Servo product line that integrates a matched Servo, servo amplifier and controller in one unit. This design concept makes selection easy, thus reducing errors and wiring time. With friendly customer service and professional application assistance, Anaheim Automation often surpasses the customer's expectations for fulfilling specific Servo and amplifier requirements, as well as other motion control needs.

NOTE: Technical assistance regarding the Servo product line is available at no charge. This assistance is offered to help the customer in choosing Anaheim Automation products for a specific application. However, any selection, quotation, or application suggestion for a Servo, or any other product, offered from Anaheim Automation's staff, its' representatives or distributors, are only to assist the customer. In all cases, determination of fitness of the Servo in a specific system application is solely the customers' responsibility. While every effort is made to offer solid advice regarding the Servo in a specific application, and to produce technical data and illustrations accurately, such advice and documents are for reference only, and subject to change without notice. Anaheim Automation is in no event responsible or liable for indirect or consequential damages resulting from the use or application of the Servo. Improper use of a Servo in an application can result in personal injury or death, property damage, and/or economic loss.

Tech Tip - 3 Phase Motor Advantages and Disadvantages The most common and simple industrial motor is the three-phase 3 phase motor, sometimes shortened to AC Motor. Pertinent information can be found about the 3 phase motor by checking the nameplate. Advantages of Using an 3 Phase Motor • The 3 Phase Motor is of a simple design • The simple design 3 phase motors: Simply stated, a series of three windings in the exterior stator section with a simple rotating section (rotor). The changing field caused by the 50 or 60 Hertz AC line voltage causes the AC motor rotor to rotate around the axis of the motor. • The speed of AC 3 phase motors will depend upon these three variables: 1. The fixed number of winding sets (poles) built into 3 phase motors, which determines the motors base speed. 2. The frequency of the AC line voltage. Variable speed drives change this frequency to change the speed of 3 phase motors. 3. The amount of torque loading on 3 phase motors, causes slipping. • The 3 Phase Motor is of a low cost construction The 3 phase motor has the advantage of being the lowest cost motor. The AC 3 phase motor is the perfect for applications requiring more than about 1/2 hp (325 watts) of power. This is due to the simple design of the 3 phase motor. For this reason, the AC 3 phase motor is generally preferred for fixed-speed applications, such as in industrial applications and for commercial and domestic applications where AC line power can be easily attached. Over 90% of all 3 phase motors are AC considered an 3 phase motor. They are found in air conditioners, washers, dryers, industrial machinery, fans, blowers, vacuum cleaners, and many, many other applications. • The 3 Phase Motor operates reliably The very simple design and construction of the 3 phase motor causes them to be extremely reliable and are considered to be low maintenance. Unlike DC Brush 3 Phase Motors, there are no brushes to replace. If an 3 Phase Motor is used in the appropriate environment, protected by an enclosure, an 3 phase motor can expect to replace the bearings after several years of continuous operation. If the application is well designed in a protective environment, an AC 3 phase motor may not require the bearings to be replaced for more than 10 years. • Easily Found Replacements The wide use of the 3 phase motor in many different industries has resulted in easily found replacements for existing equipment repairs and/or upgrades. Many manufacturers adhere to either European (metric) or American (NEMA) standards. • The 3 Phase Motor is made by many manufacturers, so it is relatively easy to obtain replacements (for basically the same motor) • The 3 Phase Motor is designed in a variety of mounting styles (dependent upon the motor manufacturer). Foot Mount, C-Face, Large Flange, Vertical and Specialty. • There are many environmental styles available for the 3 Phase Motor, to cover a wide range of applications and industries, called Specialty 3 Phase Motors by most. Because of the wide range of environments in which people want to use the 3 phase motor, manufacturers have adapted by providing a wide range of packaging/enclosure designs, such as Open Drip Proof (ODP), Totally Enclosed/Fan-Cooled (TEFC), Totally Enclosed/Air-Over (TEAO), Totally Enclosed/Blower-Cooled (TEBC), Totally Enclosed/Non-Ventilated (TENV), and Totally Enclosed/Water-Cooled (TEWC) versions. Disadvantages of Using an 3 Phase Motor • Expensive speed control - Speed controllers can be expensive. The electronics required to handle an AC inverter driver are considerably more expensive than those required to handle a DC motor. However, if performance requirements can be met ~meaning that the required speed range is over 1/3rd of base speed ~ AC inverters and 3 phase motors are usually more cost-effective overall, than are DC 3 phase motors and DC drives. This is especially true for applications larger than 10 horsepower, because of cost savings in the AC motor. • Inability to operate at low speeds - Standard AC 3 phase motors should not be operated at speeds less than about 1/3rd of the base speed, due to thermal considerations. A DC motor should be considered for these applications. • Poor positioning control - Positioning drivers and controllers can be expensive and crude. Even a vector drive is very crude when controlling a standard AC motor. Stepper 3 phase motors and Servo 3 Phase Motors are more appropriate for applications wherein positioning and speed control is critical.

Tech Tip - AC Electric Motor Advantages and Disadvantages The most common and simple industrial motor is the three-phase AC electric motor, sometimes shortened to AC Motor. Pertinent information can be found about the AC electric motor by checking the nameplate. Advantages of Using an AC Electric Motor • The AC Electric Motor is of a simple design • The simple design AC electric motors: Simply stated, a series of three windings in the exterior stator section with a simple rotating section (rotor). The changing field caused by the 50 or 60 Hertz AC line voltage causes the AC motor rotor to rotate around the axis of the motor. • The speed of AC electric motors will depend upon these three variables: 1. The fixed number of winding sets (poles) built into AC electric motors, which determines the motors base speed. 2. The frequency of the AC line voltage. Variable speed drives change this frequency to change the speed of AC electric motors. 3. The amount of torque loading on AC electric motors, causes slipping. • The AC Electric Motor is of a low cost construction The AC electric motor has the advantage of being the lowest cost motor. The AC electric motor is the perfect for applications requiring more than about 1/2 hp (325 watts) of power. This is due to the simple design of the AC electric motor. For this reason, the AC electric motor is generally preferred for fixed-speed applications, such as in industrial applications and for commercial and domestic applications where AC line power can be easily attached. Over 90% of all electric motors are AC considered an AC electric motor. They are found in air conditioners, washers, dryers, industrial machinery, fans, blowers, vacuum cleaners, and many, many other applications. • The AC Electric Motor operates reliably The very simple design and construction of the AC electric motor causes them to be extremely reliable and are considered to be low maintenance. Unlike DC Brush Electric Motors, there are no brushes to replace. If an AC Electric Motor is used in the appropriate environment, protected by an enclosure, an AC electric motor can expect to replace the bearings after several years of continuous operation. If the application is well designed in a protective environment, an AC electric motor may not require the bearings to be replaced for more than 10 years. • Easily Found Replacements The wide use of the AC electric motor in many different industries has resulted in easily found replacements for existing equipment repairs and/or upgrades. Many manufacturers adhere to either European (metric) or American (NEMA) standards. • The AC Electric Motor is made by many manufacturers, so it is relatively easy to obtain replacements (for basically the same motor) • The AC Electric Motor is designed in a variety of mounting styles (dependent upon the motor manufacturer). Foot Mount, C-Face, Large Flange, Vertical and Specialty. • There are many environmental styles available for the AC Electric Motor, to cover a wide range of applications and industries, called Specialty AC Electric Motors by most. Because of the wide range of environments in which people want to use the AC electric motor, manufacturers have adapted by providing a wide range of packaging/enclosure designs, such as Open Drip Proof (ODP), Totally Enclosed/Fan-Cooled (TEFC), Totally Enclosed/Air-Over (TEAO), Totally Enclosed/Blower-Cooled (TEBC), Totally Enclosed/Non-Ventilated (TENV), and Totally Enclosed/Water-Cooled (TEWC) versions. Disadvantages of Using an AC Electric Motor • Expensive speed control - Speed controllers can be expensive. The electronics required to handle an AC inverter driver are considerably more expensive than those required to handle a DC motor. However, if performance requirements can be met ~meaning that the required speed range is over 1/3rd of base speed ~ AC inverters and AC electric motors are usually more cost-effective overall, than are DC electric motors and DC drives. This is especially true for applications larger than 10 horsepower, because of cost savings in the AC motor. • Inability to operate at low speeds - Standard AC electric motors should not be operated at speeds less than about 1/3rd of the base speed, due to thermal considerations. A DC motor should be considered for these applications. • Poor positioning control - Positioning drivers and controllers can be expensive and crude. Even a vector drive is very crude when controlling a standard AC motor. Stepper electric motors and Servo Electric Motors are more appropriate for applications wherein positioning and speed control is critical.

Tech Tip - AC Gear Motor Advantages and Disadvantages The most common and simple industrial motor is the three-phase AC gear motor, sometimes shortened to AC Motor. Pertinent information can be found about the AC gear motor by checking the nameplate. Advantages of Using an AC Gear Motor • The AC Gear Motor is of a simple design • The simple design AC gear motors: Simply stated, a series of three windings in the exterior stator section with a simple rotating section (rotor). The changing field caused by the 50 or 60 Hertz AC line voltage causes the AC motor rotor to rotate around the axis of the motor. • The speed of AC gear motors will depend upon these three variables: 1. The fixed number of winding sets (poles) built into AC gear motors, which determines the motors base speed. 2. The frequency of the AC line voltage. Variable speed drives change this frequency to change the speed of AC gear motors. 3. The amount of torque loading on AC gear motors, causes slipping. • The AC Gear Motor is of a low cost construction The AC gear motor has the advantage of being the lowest cost motor. The AC gear motor is the perfect for applications requiring more than about 1/2 hp (325 watts) of power. This is due to the simple design of the AC gear motor. For this reason, the AC gear motor is generally preferred for fixed-speed applications, such as in industrial applications and for commercial and domestic applications where AC line power can be easily attached. Over 90% of all gear motors are AC considered an AC gear motor. They are found in air conditioners, washers, dryers, industrial machinery, fans, blowers, vacuum cleaners, and many, many other applications. • The AC Gear Motor operates reliably The very simple design and construction of the AC gear motor causes them to be extremely reliable and are considered to be low maintenance. Unlike DC Brush Gear Motors, there are no brushes to replace. If an AC Gear Motor is used in the appropriate environment, protected by an enclosure, an AC gear motor can expect to replace the bearings after several years of continuous operation. If the application is well designed in a protective environment, an AC gear motor may not require the bearings to be replaced for more than 10 years. • Easily Found Replacements The wide use of the AC gear motor in many different industries has resulted in easily found replacements for existing equipment repairs and/or upgrades. Many manufacturers adhere to either European (metric) or American (NEMA) standards. • The AC Gear Motor is made by many manufacturers, so it is relatively easy to obtain replacements (for basically the same motor) • The AC Gear Motor is designed in a variety of mounting styles (dependent upon the motor manufacturer). Foot Mount, C-Face, Large Flange, Vertical and Specialty. • There are many environmental styles available for the AC Gear Motor, to cover a wide range of applications and industries, called Specialty AC Gear Motors by most. Because of the wide range of environments in which people want to use the AC gear motor, manufacturers have adapted by providing a wide range of packaging/enclosure designs, such as Open Drip Proof (ODP), Totally Enclosed/Fan-Cooled (TEFC), Totally Enclosed/Air-Over (TEAO), Totally Enclosed/Blower-Cooled (TEBC), Totally Enclosed/Non-Ventilated (TENV), and Totally Enclosed/Water-Cooled (TEWC) versions. Disadvantages of Using an AC Gear Motor • Expensive speed control - Speed controllers can be expensive. The electronics required to handle an AC inverter driver are considerably more expensive than those required to handle a DC motor. However, if performance requirements can be met ~meaning that the required speed range is over 1/3rd of base speed ~ AC inverters and AC gear motors are usually more cost-effective overall, than are DC gear motors and DC drives. This is especially true for applications larger than 10 horsepower, because of cost savings in the AC motor. • Inability to operate at low speeds - Standard AC gear motors should not be operated at speeds less than about 1/3rd of the base speed, due to thermal considerations. A DC motor should be considered for these applications. • Poor positioning control - Positioning drivers and controllers can be expensive and crude. Even a vector drive is very crude when controlling a standard AC motor. Stepper gear motors and Servo Gear Motors are more appropriate for applications wherein positioning and speed control is critical.

Tech Tip - AC Gearmotors Advantages and Disadvantages The most common and simple industrial motor is the three-phase AC induction motor, sometimes shortened to AC Motor. Pertinent information can be found about AC gearmotors by checking the nameplate. Advantages of Using AC Gearmotors • AC Gearmotors are of a simple design • The simple design AC gearmotors: Simply stated, a series of three windings in the exterior stator section with a simple rotating section (rotor). The changing field caused by the 50 or 60 Hertz AC line voltage causes the AC motor rotor to rotate around the axis of the motor. • The speed of AC gearmotors will depend upon these three variables: 1. The fixed number of winding sets (poles) built into AC gearmotors, which determines the motors base speed. 2. The frequency of the AC line voltage. Variable speed drives change this frequency to change the speed of AC gearmotors. 3. The amount of torque loading on AC gearmotors, causes slipping. • AC Gearmotors are of a low cost construction AC gearmotors have the advantage of being the lowest cost motor. AC gearmotors are perfect for applications requiring more than about 1/2 hp (325 watts) of power. This is due to the simple design of AC gearmotors. For this reason, AC gearmotors are generally preferred for fixed-speed applications, such as in industrial applications and for commercial and domestic applications where AC line power can be easily attached. Over 90% of all gearmotors are AC induction gearmotors. They are found in air conditioners, washers, dryers, industrial machinery, fans, blowers, vacuum cleaners, and many, many other applications. • AC Gearmotors operate reliably The very simple design and construction of AC gearmotors casue them to be extremely reliable and are considered to be low maintenance. Unlike DC Brush Gearmotors, there are no brushes to replace. If AC Gearmotors are used in the appropriate environment, protected by an enclosure, AC gearmotors can expect to replace the bearings after several years of continuous operation. If the application is well designed in a protective environment, AC gearmotors may not require the bearings to be replaced for more than 10 years. • Easily Found Replacements The wide use of AC gearmotors in many different industries has resulted in easily found replacements for existing equipment repairs and/or upgrades. Many manufacturers adhere to either European (metric) or American (NEMA) standards. • AC Gearmotors are made by many manufacturers , so it is relatively easy to obtain replacements (for basically the same motor) • AC Gearmotors are designed in a variety of mounting styles (dependent upon the motor manufacturer). Foot Mount, C-Face, Large Flange, Vertical and Specialty. • There are many environmental styles available for AC Gearmotors, to cover a wide range of applications and industries, called Specialty AC Gearmotors by most. Because of the wide range of environments in which people want to use AC gearmotors, manufacturers have adapted by providing a wide range of packaging/enclosure designs, such as Open Drip Proof (ODP), Totally Enclosed/Fan-Cooled (TEFC), Totally Enclosed/Air-Over (TEAO), Totally Enclosed/Blower-Cooled (TEBC), Totally Enclosed/Non-Ventilated (TENV), and Totally Enclosed/Water-Cooled (TEWC) versions. Disadvantages of Using AC Gearmotors • Expensive speed control - Speed controllers can be expensive. The electronics required to handle an AC inverter driver are considerably more expensive than those required to handle a DC motor. However, if performance requirements can be met ~meaning that the required speed range is over 1/3rd of base speed ~ AC inverters and AC gearmotors are usually more cost-effective overall, than are DC gearmotors and DC drives. This is especially true for applications larger than 10 horsepower, because of cost savings in the AC motor. • Inability to operate at low speeds - Standard AC gearmotors should not be operated at speeds less than about 1/3rd of the base speed, due to thermal considerations. A DC motor should be considered for these applications. • Poor positioning control - Positioning drivers and controllers can be expensive and crude. Even a vector drive is very crude when controlling a standard AC motor. Stepper gearmotors and Servo Gearmotors are more appropriate for applications wherein positioning and speed control is critical.

Tech Tip - AC Induction Motor Advantages and Disadvantages The most common and simple industrial motor is the three-phase AC induction motor, sometimes shortened to AC Motor. Pertinent information can be found about the AC induction motor by checking the nameplate. Advantages of Using an AC Induction Motor • The AC Induction Motor is of a simple design • The simple design AC induction motors: Simply stated, a series of three windings in the exterior stator section with a simple rotating section (rotor). The changing field caused by the 50 or 60 Hertz AC line voltage causes the AC motor rotor to rotate around the axis of the motor. • The speed of AC induction motors will depend upon these three variables: 1. The fixed number of winding sets (poles) built into AC induction motors, which determines the motors base speed. 2. The frequency of the AC line voltage. Variable speed drives change this frequency to change the speed of AC induction motors. 3. The amount of torque loading on AC induction motors, causes slipping. • The AC Induction Motor is of a low cost construction The AC induction motor has the advantage of being the lowest cost motor. The AC induction motor is the perfect for applications requiring more than about 1/2 hp (325 watts) of power. This is due to the simple design of the AC induction motor. For this reason, the AC induction motor is generally preferred for fixed-speed applications, such as in industrial applications and for commercial and domestic applications where AC line power can be easily attached. Over 90% of all induction motors are AC considered an AC induction motor. They are found in air conditioners, washers, dryers, industrial machinery, fans, blowers, vacuum cleaners, and many, many other applications. • The AC Induction Motor operates reliably The very simple design and construction of the AC induction motor causes them to be extremely reliable and are considered to be low maintenance. Unlike DC Brush Induction Motors, there are no brushes to replace. If an AC Induction Motor is used in the appropriate environment, protected by an enclosure, an AC induction motor can expect to replace the bearings after several years of continuous operation. If the application is well designed in a protective environment, an AC induction motor may not require the bearings to be replaced for more than 10 years. • Easily Found Replacements The wide use of the AC induction motor in many different industries has resulted in easily found replacements for existing equipment repairs and/or upgrades. Many manufacturers adhere to either European (metric) or American (NEMA) standards. • The AC Induction Motor is made by many manufacturers, so it is relatively easy to obtain replacements (for basically the same motor) • The AC Induction Motor is designed in a variety of mounting styles (dependent upon the motor manufacturer). Foot Mount, C-Face, Large Flange, Vertical and Specialty. • There are many environmental styles available for the AC Induction Motor, to cover a wide range of applications and industries, called Specialty AC Induction Motors by most. Because of the wide range of environments in which people want to use the AC induction motor, manufacturers have adapted by providing a wide range of packaging/enclosure designs, such as Open Drip Proof (ODP), Totally Enclosed/Fan-Cooled (TEFC), Totally Enclosed/Air-Over (TEAO), Totally Enclosed/Blower-Cooled (TEBC), Totally Enclosed/Non-Ventilated (TENV), and Totally Enclosed/Water-Cooled (TEWC) versions. Disadvantages of Using an AC Induction Motor • Expensive speed control - Speed controllers can be expensive. The electronics required to handle an AC inverter driver are considerably more expensive than those required to handle a DC motor. However, if performance requirements can be met ~meaning that the required speed range is over 1/3rd of base speed ~ AC inverters and AC induction motors are usually more cost-effective overall, than are DC induction motors and DC drives. This is especially true for applications larger than 10 horsepower, because of cost savings in the AC motor. • Inability to operate at low speeds - Standard AC induction motors should not be operated at speeds less than about 1/3rd of the base speed, due to thermal considerations. A DC motor should be considered for these applications. • Poor positioning control - Positioning drivers and controllers can be expensive and crude. Even a vector drive is very crude when controlling a standard AC motor. Stepper induction motors and Servo Induction Motors are more appropriate for applications wherein positioning and speed control is critical.

Tech Tip - AC Induction Motors Advantages and Disadvantages The most common and simple industrial motor is the three-phase AC induction motor, sometimes shortened to AC Motor. Pertinent information can be found about AC induction motors by checking the nameplate. Advantages of Using AC Induction Motors • AC Induction Motors are of a simple design • The simple design AC induction motors: Simply stated, a series of three windings in the exterior stator section with a simple rotating section (rotor). The changing field caused by the 50 or 60 Hertz AC line voltage causes the AC motor rotor to rotate around the axis of the motor. • The speed of AC induction motors will depend upon these three variables: 1. The fixed number of winding sets (poles) built into AC induction motors, which determines the motors base speed. 2. The frequency of the AC line voltage. Variable speed drives change this frequency to change the speed of AC induction motors. 3. The amount of torque loading on AC induction motors, causes slipping. • AC Induction Motors are of a low cost construction AC induction motors have the advantage of being the lowest cost motor. AC induction motors are perfect for applications requiring more than about 1/2 hp (325 watts) of power. This is due to the simple design of AC induction motors. For this reason, AC induction motors are generally preferred for fixed-speed applications, such as in industrial applications and for commercial and domestic applications where AC line power can be easily attached. Over 90% of all induction motors are AC induction induction motors. They are found in air conditioners, washers, dryers, industrial machinery, fans, blowers, vacuum cleaners, and many, many other applications. • AC Induction Motors operate reliably The very simple design and construction of AC induction motors casue them to be extremely reliable and are considered to be low maintenance. Unlike DC Brush Induction Motors, there are no brushes to replace. If AC Induction Motors are used in the appropriate environment, protected by an enclosure, AC induction motors can expect to replace the bearings after several years of continuous operation. If the application is well designed in a protective environment, AC induction motors may not require the bearings to be replaced for more than 10 years. • Easily Found Replacements The wide use of AC induction motors in many different industries has resulted in easily found replacements for existing equipment repairs and/or upgrades. Many manufacturers adhere to either European (metric) or American (NEMA) standards. • AC Induction Motors are made by many manufacturers , so it is relatively easy to obtain replacements (for basically the same motor) • AC Induction Motors are designed in a variety of mounting styles (dependent upon the motor manufacturer). Foot Mount, C-Face, Large Flange, Vertical and Specialty. • There are many environmental styles available for AC Induction Motors, to cover a wide range of applications and industries, called Specialty AC Induction Motors by most. Because of the wide range of environments in which people want to use AC induction motors, manufacturers have adapted by providing a wide range of packaging/enclosure designs, such as Open Drip Proof (ODP), Totally Enclosed/Fan-Cooled (TEFC), Totally Enclosed/Air-Over (TEAO), Totally Enclosed/Blower-Cooled (TEBC), Totally Enclosed/Non-Ventilated (TENV), and Totally Enclosed/Water-Cooled (TEWC) versions. Disadvantages of Using AC Induction Motors • Expensive speed control - Speed controllers can be expensive. The electronics required to handle an AC inverter driver are considerably more expensive than those required to handle a DC motor. However, if performance requirements can be met ~meaning that the required speed range is over 1/3rd of base speed ~ AC inverters and AC induction motors are usually more cost-effective overall, than are DC induction motors and DC drives. This is especially true for applications larger than 10 horsepower, because of cost savings in the AC motor. • Inability to operate at low speeds - Standard AC induction motors should not be operated at speeds less than about 1/3rd of the base speed, due to thermal considerations. A DC motor should be considered for these applications. • Poor positioning control - Positioning drivers and controllers can be expensive and crude. Even a vector drive is very crude when controlling a standard AC motor. Stepper induction motors and Servo Induction Motors are more appropriate for applications wherein positioning and speed control is critical.

Tech Tip - AC Motor Advantages and Disadvantages The most common and simple industrial motor is the three-phase AC motor, sometimes shortened to AC Motor. Pertinent information can be found about the AC motor by checking the nameplate. Advantages of Using an AC Motor • The AC Motor is of a simple design • The simple design AC motors: Simply stated, a series of three windings in the exterior stator section with a simple rotating section (rotor). The changing field caused by the 50 or 60 Hertz AC line voltage causes the AC motor rotor to rotate around the axis of the motor. • The speed of AC motors will depend upon these three variables: 1. The fixed number of winding sets (poles) built into AC motors, which determines the motors base speed. 2. The frequency of the AC line voltage. Variable speed drives change this frequency to change the speed of AC motors. 3. The amount of torque loading on AC motors, causes slipping. • The AC Motor is of a low cost construction The AC motor has the advantage of being the lowest cost motor. The AC motor is the perfect for applications requiring more than about 1/2 hp (325 watts) of power. This is due to the simple design of the AC motor. For this reason, the AC motor is generally preferred for fixed-speed applications, such as in industrial applications and for commercial and domestic applications where AC line power can be easily attached. Over 90% of all motors are AC considered an AC motor. They are found in air conditioners, washers, dryers, industrial machinery, fans, blowers, vacuum cleaners, and many, many other applications. • The AC Motor operates reliably The very simple design and construction of the AC motor causes them to be extremely reliable and are considered to be low maintenance. Unlike DC Brush Motors, there are no brushes to replace. If an AC Motor is used in the appropriate environment, protected by an enclosure, an AC motor can expect to replace the bearings after several years of continuous operation. If the application is well designed in a protective environment, an AC motor may not require the bearings to be replaced for more than 10 years. • Easily Found Replacements The wide use of the AC motor in many different industries has resulted in easily found replacements for existing equipment repairs and/or upgrades. Many manufacturers adhere to either European (metric) or American (NEMA) standards. • The AC Motor is made by many manufacturers, so it is relatively easy to obtain replacements (for basically the same motor) • The AC Motor is designed in a variety of mounting styles (dependent upon the motor manufacturer). Foot Mount, C-Face, Large Flange, Vertical and Specialty. • There are many environmental styles available for the AC Motor, to cover a wide range of applications and industries, called Specialty AC Motors by most. Because of the wide range of environments in which people want to use the AC motor, manufacturers have adapted by providing a wide range of packaging/enclosure designs, such as Open Drip Proof (ODP), Totally Enclosed/Fan-Cooled (TEFC), Totally Enclosed/Air-Over (TEAO), Totally Enclosed/Blower-Cooled (TEBC), Totally Enclosed/Non-Ventilated (TENV), and Totally Enclosed/Water-Cooled (TEWC) versions. Disadvantages of Using an AC Motor • Expensive speed control - Speed controllers can be expensive. The electronics required to handle an AC inverter driver are considerably more expensive than those required to handle a DC motor. However, if performance requirements can be met ~meaning that the required speed range is over 1/3rd of base speed ~ AC inverters and AC motors are usually more cost-effective overall, than are DC motors and DC drives. This is especially true for applications larger than 10 horsepower, because of cost savings in the AC motor. • Inability to operate at low speeds - Standard AC motors should not be operated at speeds less than about 1/3rd of the base speed, due to thermal considerations. A DC motor should be considered for these applications. • Poor positioning control - Positioning drivers and controllers can be expensive and crude. Even a vector drive is very crude when controlling a standard AC motor. Stepper motors and Servo Motors are more appropriate for applications wherein positioning and speed control is critical.

Tech Tip - AC Motors Advantages and Disadvantages The most common and simple industrial motor is the three-phase AC induction motor, sometimes shortened to AC Motor. Pertinent information can be found about AC motors by checking the nameplate. Advantages of Using AC Motors • AC Motors are of a simple design • The simple design AC motors: Simply stated, a series of three windings in the exterior stator section with a simple rotating section (rotor). The changing field caused by the 50 or 60 Hertz AC line voltage causes the AC motor rotor to rotate around the axis of the motor. • The speed of AC motors will depend upon these three variables: 1. The fixed number of winding sets (poles) built into AC motors, which determines the motors base speed. 2. The frequency of the AC line voltage. Variable speed drives change this frequency to change the speed of AC motors. 3. The amount of torque loading on AC motors, causes slipping. • AC Motors are of a low cost construction AC motors have the advantage of being the lowest cost motor. AC motors are perfect for applications requiring more than about 1/2 hp (325 watts) of power. This is due to the simple design of AC motors. For this reason, AC motors are generally preferred for fixed-speed applications, such as in industrial applications and for commercial and domestic applications where AC line power can be easily attached. Over 90% of all motors are AC induction motors. They are found in air conditioners, washers, dryers, industrial machinery, fans, blowers, vacuum cleaners, and many, many other applications. • AC Motors operate reliably The very simple design and construction of AC motors casue them to be extremely reliable and are considered to be low maintenance. Unlike DC Brush Motors, there are no brushes to replace. If AC Motors are used in the appropriate environment, protected by an enclosure, AC motors can expect to replace the bearings after several years of continuous operation. If the application is well designed in a protective environment, AC motors may not require the bearings to be replaced for more than 10 years. • Easily Found Replacements The wide use of AC motors in many different industries has resulted in easily found replacements for existing equipment repairs and/or upgrades. Many manufacturers adhere to either European (metric) or American (NEMA) standards. • AC Motors are made by many manufacturers , so it is relatively easy to obtain replacements (for basically the same motor) • AC Motors are designed in a variety of mounting styles (dependent upon the motor manufacturer). Foot Mount, C-Face, Large Flange, Vertical and Specialty. • There are many environmental styles available for AC Motors, to cover a wide range of applications and industries, called Specialty AC Motors by most. Because of the wide range of environments in which people want to use AC motors, manufacturers have adapted by providing a wide range of packaging/enclosure designs, such as Open Drip Proof (ODP), Totally Enclosed/Fan-Cooled (TEFC), Totally Enclosed/Air-Over (TEAO), Totally Enclosed/Blower-Cooled (TEBC), Totally Enclosed/Non-Ventilated (TENV), and Totally Enclosed/Water-Cooled (TEWC) versions. Disadvantages of Using AC Motors • Expensive speed control - Speed controllers can be expensive. The electronics required to handle an AC inverter driver are considerably more expensive than those required to handle a DC motor. However, if performance requirements can be met ~meaning that the required speed range is over 1/3rd of base speed ~ AC inverters and AC motors are usually more cost-effective overall, than are DC motors and DC drives. This is especially true for applications larger than 10 horsepower, because of cost savings in the AC motor. • Inability to operate at low speeds - Standard AC motors should not be operated at speeds less than about 1/3rd of the base speed, due to thermal considerations. A DC motor should be considered for these applications. • Poor positioning control - Positioning drivers and controllers can be expensive and crude. Even a vector drive is very crude when controlling a standard AC motor. Stepper motors and Servo Motors are more appropriate for applications wherein positioning and speed control is critical.

Tech Tip - Induction Motor Advantages and Disadvantages The most common and simple industrial motor is the three-phase induction motor, sometimes shortened to AC Motor. Pertinent information can be found about the induction motor by checking the nameplate. Advantages of Using an Induction Motor • The Induction Motor is of a simple design • The simple design induction motors: Simply stated, a series of three windings in the exterior stator section with a simple rotating section (rotor). The changing field caused by the 50 or 60 Hertz AC line voltage causes the AC motor rotor to rotate around the axis of the motor. • The speed of AC induction motors will depend upon these three variables: 1. The fixed number of winding sets (poles) built into induction motors, which determines the motors base speed. 2. The frequency of the AC line voltage. Variable speed drives change this frequency to change the speed of induction motors. 3. The amount of torque loading on induction motors, causes slipping. • The Induction Motor is of a low cost construction The induction motor has the advantage of being the lowest cost motor. The AC induction motor is the perfect for applications requiring more than about 1/2 hp (325 watts) of power. This is due to the simple design of the induction motor. For this reason, the AC induction motor is generally preferred for fixed-speed applications, such as in industrial applications and for commercial and domestic applications where AC line power can be easily attached. Over 90% of all induction motors are AC considered an induction motor. They are found in air conditioners, washers, dryers, industrial machinery, fans, blowers, vacuum cleaners, and many, many other applications. • The Induction Motor operates reliably The very simple design and construction of the induction motor causes them to be extremely reliable and are considered to be low maintenance. Unlike DC Brush Induction Motors, there are no brushes to replace. If an Induction Motor is used in the appropriate environment, protected by an enclosure, an induction motor can expect to replace the bearings after several years of continuous operation. If the application is well designed in a protective environment, an AC induction motor may not require the bearings to be replaced for more than 10 years. • Easily Found Replacements The wide use of the induction motor in many different industries has resulted in easily found replacements for existing equipment repairs and/or upgrades. Many manufacturers adhere to either European (metric) or American (NEMA) standards. • The Induction Motor is made by many manufacturers, so it is relatively easy to obtain replacements (for basically the same motor) • The Induction Motor is designed in a variety of mounting styles (dependent upon the motor manufacturer). Foot Mount, C-Face, Large Flange, Vertical and Specialty. • There are many environmental styles available for the Induction Motor, to cover a wide range of applications and industries, called Specialty Induction Motors by most. Because of the wide range of environments in which people want to use the induction motor, manufacturers have adapted by providing a wide range of packaging/enclosure designs, such as Open Drip Proof (ODP), Totally Enclosed/Fan-Cooled (TEFC), Totally Enclosed/Air-Over (TEAO), Totally Enclosed/Blower-Cooled (TEBC), Totally Enclosed/Non-Ventilated (TENV), and Totally Enclosed/Water-Cooled (TEWC) versions. Disadvantages of Using an Induction Motor • Expensive speed control - Speed controllers can be expensive. The electronics required to handle an AC inverter driver are considerably more expensive than those required to handle a DC motor. However, if performance requirements can be met ~meaning that the required speed range is over 1/3rd of base speed ~ AC inverters and induction motors are usually more cost-effective overall, than are DC induction motors and DC drives. This is especially true for applications larger than 10 horsepower, because of cost savings in the AC motor. • Inability to operate at low speeds - Standard AC induction motors should not be operated at speeds less than about 1/3rd of the base speed, due to thermal considerations. A DC motor should be considered for these applications. • Poor positioning control - Positioning drivers and controllers can be expensive and crude. Even a vector drive is very crude when controlling a standard AC motor. Stepper induction motors and Servo Induction Motors are more appropriate for applications wherein positioning and speed control is critical.

Tech Tip - Induction Motors Advantages and Disadvantages The most common and simple industrial motor is three-phase AC induction motors, sometimes shortened to AC Motor. Pertinent information can be found about induction motors by checking the nameplate. Advantages of Using Induction Motors • Induction Motors are of a simple design • The simple design induction motors: Simply stated, a series of three windings in the exterior stator section with a simple rotating section (rotor). The changing field caused by the 50 or 60 Hertz AC line voltage causes the AC motor rotor to rotate around the axis of the motor. • The speed of induction motors will depend upon these three variables: 1. The fixed number of winding sets (poles) built into AC induction motors, which determines the motors base speed. 2. The frequency of the AC line voltage. Variable speed drives change this frequency to change the speed of induction motors. 3. The amount of torque loading on induction motors, causes slipping. • Induction Motors are of a low cost construction induction motors have the advantage of being the lowest cost motor. induction motors are perfect for applications requiring more than about 1/2 hp (325 watts) of power. This is due to the simple design of induction motors. For this reason, induction motors are generally preferred for fixed-speed applications, such as in industrial applications and for commercial and domestic applications where AC line power can be easily attached. Over 90% of all induction motors are induction motors. They are found in air conditioners, washers, dryers, industrial machinery, fans, blowers, vacuum cleaners, and many, many other applications. • AC Induction Motors operate reliably The very simple design and construction of induction motors casue them to be extremely reliable and are considered to be low maintenance. Unlike DC Brush Induction Motors, there are no brushes to replace. If Induction Motors are used in the appropriate environment, protected by an enclosure, induction motors can expect to replace the bearings after several years of continuous operation. If the application is well designed in a protective environment, induction motors may not require the bearings to be replaced for more than 10 years. • Easily Found Replacements The wide use of induction motors in many different industries has resulted in easily found replacements for existing equipment repairs and/or upgrades. Many manufacturers adhere to either European (metric) or American (NEMA) standards. • Induction Motors are made by many manufacturers , so it is relatively easy to obtain replacements (for basically the same motor) • AC Induction Motors are designed in a variety of mounting styles (dependent upon the motor manufacturer). Foot Mount, C-Face, Large Flange, Vertical and Specialty. • There are many environmental styles available for Induction Motors, to cover a wide range of applications and industries, called Specialty Induction Motors by most. Because of the wide range of environments in which people want to use induction motors, manufacturers have adapted by providing a wide range of packaging/enclosure designs, such as Open Drip Proof (ODP), Totally Enclosed/Fan-Cooled (TEFC), Totally Enclosed/Air-Over (TEAO), Totally Enclosed/Blower-Cooled (TEBC), Totally Enclosed/Non-Ventilated (TENV), and Totally Enclosed/Water-Cooled (TEWC) versions. Disadvantages of Using Induction Motors • Expensive speed control - Speed controllers can be expensive. The electronics required to handle an AC inverter driver are considerably more expensive than those required to handle a DC motor. However, if performance requirements can be met ~meaning that the required speed range is over 1/3rd of base speed ~ AC inverters and induction motors are usually more cost-effective overall, than are DC induction motors and DC drives. This is especially true for applications larger than 10 horsepower, because of cost savings in the AC motor. • Inability to operate at low speeds - Standard induction motors should not be operated at speeds less than about 1/3rd of the base speed, due to thermal considerations. A DC motor should be considered for these applications. • Poor positioning control - Positioning drivers and controllers can be expensive and crude. Even a vector drive is very crude when controlling a standard AC motor. Stepper induction motors and Servo Induction Motors are more appropriate for applications wherein positioning and speed control is critical.

Tech Tip - Synchronous Motor Advantages and Disadvantages The most common and simple industrial motor is the three-phase synchronous motor, sometimes shortened to AC Motor. Pertinent information can be found about the synchronous motor by checking the nameplate. Advantages of Using an Synchronous Motor • The Synchronous Motor is of a simple design • The simple design synchronous motors: Simply stated, a series of three windings in the exterior stator section with a simple rotating section (rotor). The changing field caused by the 50 or 60 Hertz AC line voltage causes the AC motor rotor to rotate around the axis of the motor. • The speed of AC synchronous motors will depend upon these three variables: 1. The fixed number of winding sets (poles) built into synchronous motors, which determines the motors base speed. 2. The frequency of the AC line voltage. Variable speed drives change this frequency to change the speed of synchronous motors. 3. The amount of torque loading on synchronous motors, causes slipping. • The Synchronous Motor is of a low cost construction The synchronous motor has the advantage of being the lowest cost motor. The AC synchronous motor is the perfect for applications requiring more than about 1/2 hp (325 watts) of power. This is due to the simple design of the synchronous motor. For this reason, the AC synchronous motor is generally preferred for fixed-speed applications, such as in industrial applications and for commercial and domestic applications where AC line power can be easily attached. Over 90% of all synchronous motors are AC considered an synchronous motor. They are found in air conditioners, washers, dryers, industrial machinery, fans, blowers, vacuum cleaners, and many, many other applications. • The Synchronous Motor operates reliably The very simple design and construction of the synchronous motor causes them to be extremely reliable and are considered to be low maintenance. Unlike DC Brush Synchronous Motors, there are no brushes to replace. If an Synchronous Motor is used in the appropriate environment, protected by an enclosure, an synchronous motor can expect to replace the bearings after several years of continuous operation. If the application is well designed in a protective environment, an AC synchronous motor may not require the bearings to be replaced for more than 10 years. • Easily Found Replacements The wide use of the synchronous motor in many different industries has resulted in easily found replacements for existing equipment repairs and/or upgrades. Many manufacturers adhere to either European (metric) or American (NEMA) standards. • The Synchronous Motor is made by many manufacturers, so it is relatively easy to obtain replacements (for basically the same motor) • The Synchronous Motor is designed in a variety of mounting styles (dependent upon the motor manufacturer). Foot Mount, C-Face, Large Flange, Vertical and Specialty. • There are many environmental styles available for the Synchronous Motor, to cover a wide range of applications and industries, called Specialty Synchronous Motors by most. Because of the wide range of environments in which people want to use the synchronous motor, manufacturers have adapted by providing a wide range of packaging/enclosure designs, such as Open Drip Proof (ODP), Totally Enclosed/Fan-Cooled (TEFC), Totally Enclosed/Air-Over (TEAO), Totally Enclosed/Blower-Cooled (TEBC), Totally Enclosed/Non-Ventilated (TENV), and Totally Enclosed/Water-Cooled (TEWC) versions. Disadvantages of Using an Synchronous Motor • Expensive speed control - Speed controllers can be expensive. The electronics required to handle an AC inverter driver are considerably more expensive than those required to handle a DC motor. However, if performance requirements can be met ~meaning that the required speed range is over 1/3rd of base speed ~ AC inverters and synchronous motors are usually more cost-effective overall, than are DC synchronous motors and DC drives. This is especially true for applications larger than 10 horsepower, because of cost savings in the AC motor. • Inability to operate at low speeds - Standard AC synchronous motors should not be operated at speeds less than about 1/3rd of the base speed, due to thermal considerations. A DC motor should be considered for these applications. • Poor positioning control - Positioning drivers and controllers can be expensive and crude. Even a vector drive is very crude when controlling a standard AC motor. Stepper synchronous motors and Servo Synchronous Motors are more appropriate for applications wherein positioning and speed control is critical.

Tech Tip - Three Phase Motor Advantages and Disadvantages The most common and simple industrial motor is the three-phase three phase motor, sometimes shortened to AC Motor. Pertinent information can be found about the three phase motor by checking the nameplate. Advantages of Using an Three Phase Motor • The Three Phase Motor is of a simple design • The simple design three phase motors: Simply stated, a series of three windings in the exterior stator section with a simple rotating section (rotor). The changing field caused by the 50 or 60 Hertz AC line voltage causes the AC motor rotor to rotate around the axis of the motor. • The speed of AC three phase motors will depend upon these three variables: 1. The fixed number of winding sets (poles) built into three phase motors, which determines the motors base speed. 2. The frequency of the AC line voltage. Variable speed drives change this frequency to change the speed of three phase motors. 3. The amount of torque loading on three phase motors, causes slipping. • The Three Phase Motor is of a low cost construction The three phase motor has the advantage of being the lowest cost motor. The AC three phase motor is the perfect for applications requiring more than about 1/2 hp (325 watts) of power. This is due to the simple design of the three phase motor. For this reason, the AC three phase motor is generally preferred for fixed-speed applications, such as in industrial applications and for commercial and domestic applications where AC line power can be easily attached. Over 90% of all three phase motors are AC considered an three phase motor. They are found in air conditioners, washers, dryers, industrial machinery, fans, blowers, vacuum cleaners, and many, many other applications. • The Three Phase Motor operates reliably The very simple design and construction of the three phase motor causes them to be extremely reliable and are considered to be low maintenance. Unlike DC Brush Three Phase Motors, there are no brushes to replace. If an Three Phase Motor is used in the appropriate environment, protected by an enclosure, an three phase motor can expect to replace the bearings after several years of continuous operation. If the application is well designed in a protective environment, an AC three phase motor may not require the bearings to be replaced for more than 10 years. • Easily Found Replacements The wide use of the three phase motor in many different industries has resulted in easily found replacements for existing equipment repairs and/or upgrades. Many manufacturers adhere to either European (metric) or American (NEMA) standards. • The Three Phase Motor is made by many manufacturers, so it is relatively easy to obtain replacements (for basically the same motor) • The Three Phase Motor is designed in a variety of mounting styles (dependent upon the motor manufacturer). Foot Mount, C-Face, Large Flange, Vertical and Specialty. • There are many environmental styles available for the Three Phase Motor, to cover a wide range of applications and industries, called Specialty Three Phase Motors by most. Because of the wide range of environments in which people want to use the three phase motor, manufacturers have adapted by providing a wide range of packaging/enclosure designs, such as Open Drip Proof (ODP), Totally Enclosed/Fan-Cooled (TEFC), Totally Enclosed/Air-Over (TEAO), Totally Enclosed/Blower-Cooled (TEBC), Totally Enclosed/Non-Ventilated (TENV), and Totally Enclosed/Water-Cooled (TEWC) versions. Disadvantages of Using an Three Phase Motor • Expensive speed control - Speed controllers can be expensive. The electronics required to handle an AC inverter driver are considerably more expensive than those required to handle a DC motor. However, if performance requirements can be met ~meaning that the required speed range is over 1/3rd of base speed ~ AC inverters and three phase motors are usually more cost-effective overall, than are DC three phase motors and DC drives. This is especially true for applications larger than 10 horsepower, because of cost savings in the AC motor. • Inability to operate at low speeds - Standard AC three phase motors should not be operated at speeds less than about 1/3rd of the base speed, due to thermal considerations. A DC motor should be considered for these applications. • Poor positioning control - Positioning drivers and controllers can be expensive and crude. Even a vector drive is very crude when controlling a standard AC motor. Stepper three phase motors and Servo Three Phase Motors are more appropriate for applications wherein positioning and speed control is critical.

Tech Tip - Variable Speed Motor Advantages and Disadvantages The most common and simple industrial motor is the three-phase variable speed motor, sometimes shortened to AC Motor. Pertinent information can be found about the variable speed motor by checking the nameplate. Advantages of Using an Variable Speed Motor • The Variable Speed Motor is of a simple design • The simple design variable speed motors: Simply stated, a series of three windings in the exterior stator section with a simple rotating section (rotor). The changing field caused by the 50 or 60 Hertz AC line voltage causes the AC motor rotor to rotate around the axis of the motor. • The speed of AC variable speed motors will depend upon these three variables: 1. The fixed number of winding sets (poles) built into variable speed motors, which determines the motors base speed. 2. The frequency of the AC line voltage. Variable speed drives change this frequency to change the speed of variable speed motors. 3. The amount of torque loading on variable speed motors, causes slipping. • The Variable Speed Motor is of a low cost construction The variable speed motor has the advantage of being the lowest cost motor. The AC variable speed motor is the perfect for applications requiring more than about 1/2 hp (325 watts) of power. This is due to the simple design of the variable speed motor. For this reason, the AC variable speed motor is generally preferred for fixed-speed applications, such as in industrial applications and for commercial and domestic applications where AC line power can be easily attached. Over 90% of all variable speed motors are AC considered an variable speed motor. They are found in air conditioners, washers, dryers, industrial machinery, fans, blowers, vacuum cleaners, and many, many other applications. • The Variable Speed Motor operates reliably The very simple design and construction of the variable speed motor causes them to be extremely reliable and are considered to be low maintenance. Unlike DC Brush Variable Speed Motors, there are no brushes to replace. If an Variable Speed Motor is used in the appropriate environment, protected by an enclosure, an variable speed motor can expect to replace the bearings after several years of continuous operation. If the application is well designed in a protective environment, an AC variable speed motor may not require the bearings to be replaced for more than 10 years. • Easily Found Replacements The wide use of the variable speed motor in many different industries has resulted in easily found replacements for existing equipment repairs and/or upgrades. Many manufacturers adhere to either European (metric) or American (NEMA) standards. • The Variable Speed Motor is made by many manufacturers, so it is relatively easy to obtain replacements (for basically the same motor) • The Variable Speed Motor is designed in a variety of mounting styles (dependent upon the motor manufacturer). Foot Mount, C-Face, Large Flange, Vertical and Specialty. • There are many environmental styles available for the Variable Speed Motor, to cover a wide range of applications and industries, called Specialty Variable Speed Motors by most. Because of the wide range of environments in which people want to use the variable speed motor, manufacturers have adapted by providing a wide range of packaging/enclosure designs, such as Open Drip Proof (ODP), Totally Enclosed/Fan-Cooled (TEFC), Totally Enclosed/Air-Over (TEAO), Totally Enclosed/Blower-Cooled (TEBC), Totally Enclosed/Non-Ventilated (TENV), and Totally Enclosed/Water-Cooled (TEWC) versions. Disadvantages of Using an Variable Speed Motor • Expensive speed control - Speed controllers can be expensive. The electronics required to handle an AC inverter driver are considerably more expensive than those required to handle a DC motor. However, if performance requirements can be met ~meaning that the required speed range is over 1/3rd of base speed ~ AC inverters and variable speed motors are usually more cost-effective overall, than are DC variable speed motors and DC drives. This is especially true for applications larger than 10 horsepower, because of cost savings in the AC motor. • Inability to operate at low speeds - Standard AC variable speed motors should not be operated at speeds less than about 1/3rd of the base speed, due to thermal considerations. A DC motor should be considered for these applications. • Poor positioning control - Positioning drivers and controllers can be expensive and crude. Even a vector drive is very crude when controlling a standard AC motor. Stepper variable speed motors and Servo Variable Speed Motors are more appropriate for applications wherein positioning and speed control is critical.

All BLDC Motor Products are permanent magnet motors. There are also two basic types labeled as a Trapezoidal Motor and the other as a Sine Wave Motor. The Trapezoidal Motor is said to be a DC servo motor and the Sine Wave Motor has close resemblance to an AC synchronous motor.

For low-speed applications it is highly recommended to use an encoder for the feedback rather than the Hall sensors. The Hall sensor counts per revolution can only be as great as a number of polls times the quantity of Hall Sensors. The high count that is calculated by the BLDC Motor controller can be used to its advantage when operating a BLDC Motor. The BLDC Motor controller can more precisely control the velocity by utilizing the additional information from the BLDC Motor. The higher the resolution on the encoder to more finely the BLDC Motor controller can control the BLDC Motor. Even though the expense is much greater for encoders when compared to Hall sensors this price can be justified as it can result in very precise control for a much lower cost than alternative technologies such as Servo motors were AC motors or synchronous motors.

All BLDC Motors are permanent magnet motors. There are also two basic types labeled as a Trapezoidal Motor and the other as a Sine Wave Motor. The Trapezoidal Motor is said to be a DC servo motor and the Sine Wave Motor has close resemblance to an AC synchronous motor.

For low-speed products it is advised to use an encoder for the feedback rather than the Hall sensors. The number of counts per revolution for the Hall sensor can only be as large as the number of polls times the number of Hall Sensors. The BLDC Motors controllers can use this higher count to its advantage when operating the BLDC Motors. The BLDC Motors controllers can use the extra information with more counts per revolution at its disposal for more accurate control of the velocity. The BLDC Motors controllers can more finely control the BLDC Motors with a higher resolution on the encoder. Though when evaluating prices yes the encoder is more costly than the Hall sensor, but with the encoders you receive precise control at a lower cost than alternate technologies such as AC motors, Servo motors, or Synchronous motors.

All Brushless Products are permanent magnet motors. There are also two basic types labeled as a Trapezoidal Motor and the other as a Sine Wave Motor. The Trapezoidal Motor is said to be a DC servo motor and the Sine Wave Motor has close resemblance to an AC synchronous motor.

For low-speed applications it is recommended to use an encoder for the feedback rather than the Hall sensors. The Hall sensor counts per revolution can only be as great as a number of polls times the number of Hall Sensors. The brushless products controller can use this higher count to its advantage when operating the brushless products. With more counts per revolution at its disposal, the brushless motor controller can use this additional information to more precisely control the velocity of the brushless products. The higher the resolution on the encoder to more finely the brushless motor controller can control the brushless products. Even though the expense is much greater for encoders when compared to Hall sensors this price can be justified as it can result in very precise control for a much lower cost than alternative technologies such as Servo motors were AC motors or synchronous motors.

A Motor Coupler is used in servo drive technology, machine tools, packaging machinery, automation systems, printing presses, industrial robots, control and positioning technology, and general mechanical engineering.

A motor Coupler is controlled by the driving force that it is connected to. A motor Coupler only acts as an extension, transferring torque and speed from one component to another. More often than not, a motor coupler will be connected to some type of driving force whether it is a stepper, brushless, brushed, AC, or servo motor. In turn, the motor is connected to a driver or controller which controls the speed, direction and torque of the motor. While the driver and motor control the speed and direction, the load that is attached to motor coupler work with both the motor and driver to determine how much torque must be outputted to remain at ideal operating parameters.

For low-speed applications it is recommended to use an encoder for the feedback rather than the Hall sensors. The Hall sensor counts for each revolution may only be as good as a number of polls times the quantity of Hall Sensors. The Brushless DC Motor controller can use this higher count to its advantage when operating the Brushless DC Motor . The Brushless DC Motor controller can more precisely control the velocity by using the additional information from the Brushless DC Motor . The higher the resolution on the encoder to more finely the Brushless Dc Motor controller can control the Brushless DC Motor . Even though the expense is much greater for encoders when compared to Hall sensors this price can be validated as it can result in very precise control for a much lower cost than alternative technologies such as Servo motors were AC motors or synchronous motors.